46 Who Is Best Positioned to Help Address Trauma in Schools? We need educators to be familiar with 1) the research about the prevalence, trends, and impact of trauma on youth and 2) know the best practices and methods to support children and families who have experienced trauma. 46 Inherent in this approach is the prioritizing of specific care leading to better outcomes especially when considering the heavy costs, burdens, and negative impact of trauma when untreated or otherwise unaddressed. Basically, we need educators to be familiar with 1) the research about the prevalence, trends, and impact of trauma on youth and 2) know the best practices and methods to support children and families who have experienced trauma. Given the empirical link between bullying and trauma, our goals in schools should be to move towards trauma-informed care 42-45 – also known as a trauma-informed approach or trauma sensitive. 13 What Does It Mean To Be Trauma-Informed? 12,13,37-39 For instance, 37% of an British sample of adolescents who were bullied indicated clinically significant levels of posttraumatic stress, 40 As another example, 25% of adults studied still seemed to experience PTSD symptoms such as intrusive memories of bullying even many years after they had finished their schooling, 41 Finally, in a meta-analysis of 29 cross-sectional studies, 57% of bullying targets on average reported symptoms of PTSD above thresholds for caseness (i.e., enough to formally classify it as trauma). Notably, a number of studies have shown that bullying symptoms resemble that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that the former is correlated with (although not predictive of) the latter.
Studies have shown that bullying can have long-term consequences on children and even into their adult years 10,34-36 The Link Between Bullying and PTSD Outside of these immediate consequences, studies have shown that these disturbances can have long-term consequences on children and even into their adult years 10,34-36 (to our knowledge, no prospective studies have followed the experiences of cyberbullied youth into adulthood to see its long-term effects). 10-13 For instance, numerous studies reveal that being bullied compromises the physical, 14-16 emotional, 17-19 psychological, 13,16,20 academic, 16,21 mental, 22-26 behavioral, 27-29 economic, 30 and social 31-33 health of youth.
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Trauma results from “an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or life threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.” 1 How Can Bullying and Cyberbullying Lead to Trauma?Ĭhronic exposure to bullying has been linked to greater emotional, psychological, and physical distress, symptomatology, and pathology in children. One study showed that the level of frequency of exposure to bullying is the greatest factor in predicting level of trauma. 4-8 Apart from the harm, what seems to be most important is the repetitive nature of bullying and cyberbullying because it disrupts trust in oneself, others, and the world. 2 Indeed, bullying was labeled an “Adverse Childhood Experience” (ACE) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017, 3 and has been strongly and consistently linked (as is the case with many other ACEs) to poor outcomes later in life. Trauma results from “an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or life threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.” 1 Bullying, widely considered a form of school violence, often occurs as a stressor that over time can have traumatic effects. We don’t know their past wounds or current stressors, and how repeated harassment and exclusion in the school lunchroom or in an online gaming environment might be deeply affecting them. We are not walking in the shoes of the target. As such, it is callous of us to try to qualify or dismiss that away.
However, it stands to reason that some incidents do have major long-term impacts. One might argue that most bullying incidents don’t induce trauma, and that may be true if we view all forms and their impact from a macro level. I’ve been thinking a lot recently about the felt experiences of youth who have to deal with bullying at school or online, and how it may have a traumatic effect on some of them. Social Media, Cyberbullying, and Online Safety Glossary.
Bullying and Cyberbullying Resources, Research, and Help
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